Buses and billboards in Jerusalem, where some advertisers avoid posting images of women to prevent vandalism and avoid angering the city's ultra-Orthodox residents, have become the latest battlefield for the struggle between the city's religious and secular residents.

To protest the dearth of images of women in Jerusalem's public spaces, secular residents have launched a creative campaign in which posters featuring influential women from Jewish history are plastered throughout the city. Under the banner "Saying No to the Censorship of Women," the posters include images of former Prime Minister Golda Meir, author and poet Leah Goldberg and national heroine Hannah Senesh, all with their heads cropped out of the photograph.

The campaign began at the city's School of Visual Theater, where students and faculty are concerned that such important women will be forgotten if images of women continue to disappear from public spaces. Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat also discussed the issue this week with Jerusalem District Police Commander Maj. Gen. Nisso Shaham, telling him, "We must eliminate the phenomenon of the vandalism of advetisements featuring images of women."

Get the Israel Hayom newsletter sent to your mailbox!

Ultra-Orthodox Jews, often called Haredim, make up only about 10 percent of Israel's population of 7.7 million. But their high birthrates and concentration in Jerusalem, where official figures show that 26 percent of adult Jews consider themselves Haredim, have stoked fears among the country's secular majority of religious interference in their lifestyle.

The concerns have also spread beyond the city. A group of Israeli generals wrote to the Defense Ministry on Monday saying the military must not give in to Orthodox demands to prevent the mixing of men and women in the ranks.

Nissim Hasson, vice president of sales at the Zohar Hutzot advertising company, said ads showing women were routinely vandalized in Jerusalem. He said the holy city demanded a different set of rules than other cities.

"Jerusalem is a symbol, a capital, built on mutual respect, holy to Jews, Christians and Muslims. If you want to be tolerant in this city you cannot advertise women," Hasson said.

Advertising its winter collection, an Israeli fashion company cropped out a female model's head and cleavage from a posters it put up in Jerusalem. In other Israeli cities, the full image ran.

The self-censorship prompted Uri Ayalon, a rabbi who is not a member of the ultra-Orthodox community, to start a Facebook campaign called "Uncensored" in which six women had their photos taken for 150 posters that were put up on Jerusalem billboards.

"We object to the sexist use of women in advetisments. But it is also important to me that my two daughters grow up in a place where they are not blocked out because they are women," Ayalon said.

Tzaphira Stern-Assal, a secular mother of two who volunteered for the photo shoot, said she once put an advertisement for a dance class in the window of the dance school she runs, only to see it defaced the next day with graffiti saying "Blasphemy." She said that whenever the school's curtains were left more than a third open, Haredi men would soon show up and start banging on the windows.

"It happens all the time," she said. "Do they want it to be everyone's city or just theirs? We want to live in dignity, not to be ashamed and hide behind curtains."

A sidewalk barrier to segregate the sexes went up last month in the Mea Shearim religious neighborhood of Jerusalem during the celebration of a Jewish holiday, mirroring the separation of men and women in Orthodox synagogues.

Secular activists who came to inspect the partition said they were chased away by residents, some of whom threw stones.

Rachel Azaria, a Jerusalem councilwoman, appealed to the Supreme Court against the barrier, which ordered it dismantled.

She was subsequently fired by Barkat, in what political commentators called a nod to the ultra-Orthodox community's powerful punch in municipal elections.

"Segregation has been happening for a while. What's new is that the pluralistic public has woken up and is fighting. We won't stand it any longer," Azaria told Reuters.

She said the social change movement that swept through Israel in the summer, when hundreds of thousands took to the streets to demand economic reform, has emboldened those battling segregation.

"The public dares now to say its piece. The penny has dropped," she said.

Reliant on religious parties to help form governing coalitions, Israeli leaders have largely steered clear of cutting welfare subsidies to large ultra-Orthodox families, in which many of the men engage in religious studies full time.

Critics have pointed to the burden they put on the Israeli economy, but moves to cut the payments would spell political trouble for any of the country's major parties.

Addressing the religious-secular divide, the Supreme Court ruled this year that women traveling on public buses could not be ordered to sit in the back.

Signs in Jerusalem buses now say people right to sit wherever they wish and that harassing passengers could be a criminal offence.

Critics say that in practice, dozens of bus lines are still gender-segregated and that women who want to sit at the front are often subjected to verbal and sometimes physical assaults.

One Haredi woman, who asked not to be identified, said she tried to buy a public transport pass in an ultra-Orthodox neighbourhood in Jerusalem only be turned away and told the ticket stand was for men only.

Her husband said they received threatening phone calls when word got out that they had lodged a complaint about the incident.

"Separation is important but in places where it makes sense, like the beach. Now there are calls for it on the light rail. There are segregated grocery shops and sidewalks. There's no basis for it in Jewish law and it's getting more extreme," he said.

Yakov Halperin, head of the ultra-Orthodox Yehadut Ha Torah faction in Jerusalem's municipality, said people should stay out of the Haredi community's business.

"If that's what they want, in their neighborhoods, they have the right to ask for it," he said. "In Sodom and Gomorrah, which were annihilated because of the corrupt generation, there were those who kept the Torah's laws and put up fences in order to protect themselves."

Like our newsletter? 'Like' our Facebook page!