It is an incident that has stained the Vatican for 160 years: the story of a 6-year-old Jewish boy taken from his family by papal police and brought to Rome to be raised Catholic after church authorities learned his housekeeper had secretly baptized him.
Now the case has resurfaced, with new evidence suggesting that the memoirs he wrote as an adult were altered to take the edge off his anti-Semitic views and enhance details favorable to the Catholic Church.
The Associated Press has confirmed findings by Brown University historian David Kertzer indicating that Edgardo Mortara's memoirs were changed in ways big and small when they were translated from the original Spanish into Italian and published to great fanfare by Italy's Mondadori house in 2005.
AP found the original Spanish text in a religious order's archive this week.
The alterations do not significantly change the overall thrust of Mortara's oft-stated gratitude to the "saint" Pope Pius IX for having saved his soul by removing him from his Jewish family to raise him Catholic. But they do indicate that the tale – already subjected to over a century of revisions to suit various interests – has been recrafted again.
Kertzer told AP the changes "were clearly made with certain narrative purposes, to craft a narrative that was more in line with what the conservatives in the church would like to present as what had happened in the story."
Young Edgardo Mortara was taken by Inquisition police from his home in Bologna on June 24, 1858.
The Mortaras' 16-year-old Catholic housekeeper had had the boy secretly baptized when he fell ill as an infant, fearing for his soul if he were to die.
Mortara survived, and when word reached church authorities that a baptized Catholic was living in a Jewish home, the Inquisition ordered his sequester under laws requiring Catholics to be raised as such.
Pius took Mortara under his wing, and the boy eventually became a Catholic priest, taking Pio as his priestly name. He died in 1940 in Belgium.
While such sequesters were not unheard of, the kidnapping became an international scandal and contributed to the anti-clerical sentiment sweeping across Europe.
In Italy, the cause emboldened the liberalizing Risorgimiento forces that unified the country and brought about the collapse of the papal states through which the pope had controlled a swath of central Italy.
The 2017 publication of the English version of Mortara's memoir – which includes all the alterations contained in the Italian – has cast new light on the case, just as director Steven Spielberg is developing a film based on Kertzer's 1997 book "The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara," and at the same time as the case for Pius' sainthood is pressing ahead.
In a recent article in The Atlantic magazine, Kertzer outlined several inconsistencies between the original Spanish version of Mortara's memoir and the Italian translation published by leading papal author Vittorio Messori in 2005 and titled "Me the Jewish Boy Kidnapped by Pius IX: The Unpublished Memoirs of the Protagonist of the 'Mortara Case.'"
Kertzer and Messori have feuded for years about the Mortara affair, evidence of the controversy it still sparks even today, with some in the church defending Pius' actions on the grounds that he had no choice but to raise Mortara Catholic under divine law.
The memoir, written in Spanish because Mortara was living in Spain at the time, is actually a contemporary, typed version of a handwritten one Mortara purportedly penned earlier. The location of the handwritten text is unknown.
AP this week found the typed Spanish version in the historic archives of the religious order Mortara joined, alongside his handwritten journals and shelf upon shelf of dusty tomes of centuries-old church documents.
Among other things, AP found that anti-Semitic comments contained in the original Spanish had been removed from the Messori translation, including a reference to Mortara having "always professed an inexpressible horror" toward Jews.
Mortara's great-great-niece, Elena Mortara, said in an interview that the change was evidence of an effort to erase the anti-Jewish indoctrination her relative had received from the Catholic teachers who raised and educated him.
"It was part of the brainwashing, the successful brainwashing, he had," she said.
In an interview at her home, Elena Mortara spoke of her family's pain, which has been recounted from generation to generation, but also pride over the episode's historical relevance.
"We knew that the family had fought for civil rights that would become civil rights for all citizens," she said.
Elena Mortara, who led a public protest by the family and Italy's Jewish community when Pope John Paul II beatified Pius in 2000 and who wrote about the global significance of the case in a 2015 book, dismissed the value of the Spanish version of the memoir as a document. She said it had been written in the impersonal third person and typed up by someone else, and differs greatly in tone from Mortara's handwritten journals, "where he shows all the conflicts within him, all the psychological conflicts, the drama of his soul."
She vowed to mount a protest once again if the Vatican goes ahead with canonizing Pius, and urged the current pope to consider changing the church law that still says that if an infant at risk of dying is baptized, the sacrament is valid even if it was done against the parents' will.
Messori insisted in a series of emails to AP that he had worked from the original Spanish text and that a translator had faithfully translated it. He attributed any changes in the published version to editors at Mondadori, the Italian publishing house.
"I think someone wanted to cut out the things that seemed too harsh for the Jews while it was being worked on at Mondadori," he said in an email.
But he stressed: "The things that are being denounced by critics don't in any way touch Father Mortara's message of gratitude to the church and Pius IX."
Calls and emails to Mondadori seeking comment were not returned.
The issue has greater significance given that the English translation of the memoirs published by Ignatius Press was based on Messori's Italian version, and therefore contains all the alterations.
The editor of Ignatius Press, the Rev. Joseph Fessio, told AP that he would try to obtain a copy of the archived Spanish text and make the necessary changes. But he also said Ignatius had already tried in good faith to obtain the Spanish text from Mondadori. According to emails provided to AP, Mondadori told Ignatius there was no trace left of the Spanish text and to use its Italian.
"I talked to Vittorio Messori and here is the complete story," read the Nov. 28, 2016, email from Mondadori's foreign rights manager to her counterpart at Ignatius. She wrote that Mortara himself had actually made a translation into Italian for the order's superior general.
"So the text found by Messori is the original one, translated from Spanish into Italian by Father Mortara himself for his brothers; Father Mortara is the guarantee of its authenticity," the email said.
However, as AP found, the Spanish text is readily available and there is no record in the archive that Mortara ever wrote an Italian version.
