SpaceX has successfully landed its Starship rocket booster in Texas following a bold test flight, marking a significant step towards the company's goal of developing a fully reusable rocket system for lunar missions, reports Daily Mail.

The 400-foot reusable rocket blasted off at sunrise from a launch site near the Mexico border before landing on a pad equipped with mechanical arms, dubbed "chopsticks" by the company. The flight path took the rocket over the Gulf of Mexico, following the same route as four previous Starship tests that ended in destruction.

BREAKING: SpaceX Spacecraft successfully returns to ground after being caught by clamps that they are calling "chopsticks" https://t.co/PAiZ4D1jU3

Sky 501, Virgin 602, Freeview 233 and YouTube pic.twitter.com/s6AZDcxRex

— Sky News (@SkyNews) October 13, 2024

 The achievement represents a major milestone for SpaceX, as it aims to create a rocket system capable of carrying crew and cargo to the moon. "Even in this day and age, what we just saw is magic," said SpaceX's Dan Huot from near the launch site after the booster touched down. "I am shaking right now." The company's founder, Elon Musk, expressed his excitement on social media platform X, stating, "The tower has caught the rocket!!"

SpaceX brought the first-stage booster back to land at the pad from which it had soared seven minutes earlier. The launch tower's massive metal arms successfully caught the descending 232-foot booster. The flight director made the decision to attempt the landing in real-time, with both the booster and launch tower required to be in good, stable condition. SpaceX had previously stated that if conditions were not ideal, the booster would end up in the Gulf of Mexico like its predecessors.

Kate Tice, speaking from SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California, declared, "Folks, this is a day for the engineering history books."

The spacecraft atop the booster continued its journey around the world once separated, targeting a controlled splashdown in the Indian Ocean. The entire flight was expected to last just over an hour.

This latest test flight incorporated improvements based on lessons learned from previous attempts. The June flight fell short at the end after pieces came off, prompting SpaceX to upgrade the software and rework the heat shield, enhancing the thermal tiles.

SpaceX's achievement marks another milestone in the company's quest to make space travel more accessible and cost-effective through reusable rocket technology. As the space industry continues to evolve, such advancements may pave the way for more frequent and ambitious missions beyond Earth's orbit.

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Tech entrepreneur Jared Isaacman made history Thursday by becoming the first civilian to conduct a private spacewalk, venturing outside SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule after traveling farther from Earth than any human in over 50 years.

A little preview of what to expect during our spacewalk from Dragon. Hopefully, we'll make it look as good as this @SpaceX rendering. https://t.co/fFKp4zZuVk

— Jared Isaacman (@rookisaacman) August 22, 2024

The spacewalk, which began shortly before 7 a.m., marked a significant milestone in private space exploration. Isaacman, the 41-year-old founder and CEO of payment processing company Shift4, emerged from the capsule on a tether, facing the vast expanse of space with Earth gleaming below.

"Back at home, we all have a lot of work to do, but from here, Earth sure looks like a perfect world," Isaacman remarked upon exiting the spacecraft, as reported by The New York Post.

The daring feat came after Isaacman and his three crewmembers reached an altitude of nearly 870 miles above Earth's surface, surpassing the Earth-orbiting record set during NASA's Project Gemini in 1966. Only the Apollo mission astronauts who traveled to the moon have ventured further into space.

Isaacman's spacewalk lasted approximately 15 minutes before SpaceX engineer Sarah Gillis replaced him. The other two crewmembers, engineer Anna Menon and former Air Force Thunderbirds pilot Scott "Kidd" Poteet were also slated to participate in the extravehicular activity.

The entire spacewalk procedure, including preparation and completion, was expected to take about two hours. SpaceX streamed the event live on its website, allowing viewers worldwide to witness this historic moment in commercial spaceflight.

The mission, dubbed Polaris Dawn, is part of a series of three trips Isaacman purchased from SpaceX in 2022. While the cost of these expeditions has not been publicly disclosed, they represent a significant step forward in private space exploration.

Isaacman and his crew launched from Florida on Tuesday for their five-day journey. They wore newly designed SpaceX suits that Isaacman helped develop, which were crucial for protection against the vacuum of space during the spacewalk.

The spacewalk's success was not guaranteed, as SpaceX unexpectedly delayed its start by a few hours. However, the company assured via social media that "all systems are looking good" before proceeding with the mission.

This groundbreaking achievement builds upon Isaacman's previous space endeavor in 2021, when he became the first space tourist to orbit Earth without a professional astronaut onboard.

As private citizens continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, Isaacman's successful spacewalk opens new possibilities for civilian involvement in extraterrestrial activities. It also highlights the growing role of commercial enterprises in advancing space technology and exploration.

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A fully autonomous Blue Origin rocketship lifted off on Wednesday from a launch site in rural West Texas on a planned suborbital flight that made "Star Trek" actor William Shatner the oldest person ever in space.

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Shatner, at age 90, became the oldest person ever in space during a flight that lasted about 11 minutes. Blue Origin said the four astronauts experienced about three to four minutes of weightlessness and travel above the internationally recognized boundary of space known as the Karman Line, about 62 miles (100 km) above Earth. The crew capsule returned to the Texas desert under parachutes.

Winds were light and skies were clear for the launch, which was conducted after two delays totaling roughly 45 minutes.

Joining Shatner – who embodied the promise of space travel in the classic 1960s TV series "Star Trek" and seven subsequent films – in the all-civilian crew were former NASA engineer Chris Boshuizen, clinical research entrepreneur Glen de Vries and Blue Origin vice president and engineer Audrey Powers.

It marked the second space tourism flight for Blue Origin, billionaire US businessman Jeff Bezos's company founded two decades ago.

Shatner, who turned 90 in March, has been acting since the 1950s and remains busy with entertainment projects and fan conventions. He is best known for starring as Captain James T. Kirk of the starship Enterprise on the classic 1960s TV series "Star Trek" and seven subsequent films about fictional adventures in outer space.

Shatner said there is both irony and symmetry to his space trip, having played a space explorer for decades and now actually becoming one.

"Having played the role of Captain Kirk... assigns me the knowledge that a futuristic astronaut would have, but I've always been consumed with curiosity," said Shatner in a Blue Origin video.

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Slaughter-free meat food tech startup Aleph Farms has announced a new program, Aleph Zero, which will make it possible to produce fresh meat grown from non-GMO cells at any location, making the supply of meat independent of climate change and available natural resources.

Aleph Farms is partnering with technology companies and space agencies on long-term collaborative R&D contracts that will help integrate its cell biology, tissue engineering, and food science innovations  into existing space programs through BioFarms in extraterrestrial environments. The company plans to apply the knowledge acquired from space sites to production facilities on Earth. 

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Aleph Farms co-founder and CEO Didier Toubia explained that "'Aleph Zero' represents the mathematical symbol of the smallest infinite number, and how Alph Farms brings space infinity closer by supporting deep-space exploration and colonization of new planets. The term also represents the company's vision for producing meat with near-zero natural resources." 

The Rehovot-based startup first experimented with producing  meat on the International Space Station a year ago, in collaboration with 3D Bioprinting Solutions. These trials resulted in new abilities to cultivate meat directly from various types of cow cells in microgravity environments. 

"The constraints imposed by deep-space-exploration − the cold, thin environment and the circular approach − force us to tighten the efficiency of our meat production process to much higher sustainability standards," Toubia noted. 

"The program 'Aleph Zero' reflects our mission of producing quality, delicious meat locally where people live and consume it, even in the most remote places on Earth like the Sahara Desert or Antarctica. Providing unconditional access to high-quality nutrition to anyone, anytime, anywhere," adds Toubia. "When people will live on the Moon or Mars, Aleph Farms will be there as well."

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It was a first for the United States – only Japan has scored asteroid samples.

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"Touchdown declared," a flight controller announced to cheers and applause. "Sampling is in progress."

Confirmation came from the Osiris-Rex spacecraft as it made contact with the surface of the asteroid Bennu more than 200 million miles away. But it could be a week before scientists know how much, if much of anything, was grabbed and whether another try will be needed. If successful, Osiris-Rex will return the samples in 2023.

"I can't believe we actually pulled this off," said lead scientist Dante Lauretta of the University of Arizona. "The spacecraft did everything it was supposed to do."

Osiris-Rex took 4.5 hours to make its way down from its tight orbit around Bennu, following commands sent well in advance by ground controllers near Denver.

Bennu's gravity was too low for the spacecraft to land – the asteroid is just 1,670 feet (510 meters) across. As a result, it had to reach out with its 11-foot (3.4-meter) robot arm and attempt to grab at least 2 ounces (60 grams) of Bennu.

The University of Arizona's Heather Enos, deputy scientist for the mission, described it as "kissing the surface with a short touch-and-go measured in just seconds." At Mission Control for spacecraft builder Lockheed Martin, controllers on the TAG team – fortouch-and-go – wore  royal blue polo shirts and black masks with the mission patch. The coronavirus pandemic had resulted in a two-month delay.

Tuesday's operation was considered the most harrowing part of the mission, which began with a launch from Cape Canaveral back in 2016.

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A van-sized spacecraft with an Egyptian-inspired name, Osiris-Rex aimed for a spot equivalent to a few parking spaces on Earth in the middle of the asteroid's Nightingale Crater. After nearly two years orbiting the boulder-packed Bennu, the spacecraft found this location to have the biggest patch of particles small enough to be swallowed up.

After determining that the coast was clear, Osiris-Rex closed in the final few yards for the sampling. The spacecraft was programmed to shoot out pressurized nitrogen gas to stir up the surface, then suck up any loose pebbles or dust, before backing away.

By the time flight controllers heard back from Osiris-Rex, the action already happened 18.5 minutes earlier, the time it takes radio signals to travel each way between Bennu and Earth. They expected to start receiving photos overnight and planned to provide an update Wednesday.

"We're going to be looking at a whole series of images as we descended down to the surface, made contact, fired that gas bottle, and I really want to know how that surface responded," Lauretta said. "We haven't done this before, so this is new territory for us."

Scientists want at least 2 ounces (60 grams) and, ideally, closer to 4 pounds (2 kilograms) of Bennu's black, crumbly, carbon-rich material – thought to contain the building blocks of our solar system. Pictures taken during the operation will give team members a general idea of the amount of loot; they will put the spacecraft through a series of spins Saturday for a more accurate measure.

NASA's science mission chief, Thomas Zurbuchen, likened Bennu to the Rosetta Stone: "something that's out there and tells the history of our entire Earth, of the solar system, during the last billions of years."

Another benefit: The solar-orbiting Bennu, which swings by Earth every six years, has a slight chance of smacking Earth late in the next century. It won't be a show-stopping life-ender. But the more scientists know about the paths and properties of potentially hazardous space rocks like this one, the safer we'll all be.

Osiris-Rex could make two more touch-and-go maneuvers if Tuesday's sample comes up short. Regardless of how many tries it takes, the samples won't return to Earth until 2023 to close out the $800-plus million quest. The sample capsule will parachute into the Utah desert.

"That will be another big day for us. But this is absolutely the major event of the mission right now," NASA scientist Lucy Lim said.

Japan expects samples from its second asteroid mission – a few milligrams at most – to land in the Australian desert in December.

NASA, meanwhile, plans to launch three more asteroid missions in the next two years, all one-way trips.

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Thanks to advancements in technology and the ingenuity of researchers, great discoveries were made. On top of that, glass ceilings were broken as more and more women became front and center in our quest to understand the universe.

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Below is a compilation of the groundbreaking discoveries that brought the far-reaches of space closer than ever.

10. The Parker probe to the sun

There have been numerous missions to the moon, but what about the sun? NASA launched the Parker Probe to the sun in 2018, and it provided the public with surprising images of the sun's corona – the outer halo that is only properly seen during an eclipse. The probe measured intense magnetic fields, harsh solar winds, and revealed that the sun actually emits materials and gases into space. Parker became the first artificial object to ever be in such proximity to our sun and is scheduled to reach the closest-ever distance in 2024.

9. Voyager probes

Although the Voyager 2 Probe was sent into space in 1977, it was the first object to venture beyond our Solar System, and reach interstellar space in 2012. Voyager 2 is the only probe to have flown past both ice giants Uranus and Neptune. It measured magnetic fields, provided photographs, and chartered everything from Jupiter's storm patterns to Saturn's rings, along with the moons of Uranus and Neptune. So far, it's been traveling through space for over 40 years and is currently floating somewhere past the Solar System, some 11 billion miles away from us right now.

8. New Horizons Pluto

The New Horizons spacecraft was sent into space in 2006, but reached Pluto in 2015, photographing fine-detailed pictures of Pluto, and its moons, Charon, Nix and providing two blurrier shots of its moons, Hydra, Styx, and Kerberos. The probe even revealed that icy volcanoes and sharp mountain peaks exist on the icy dwarf planet's surface!

7. The Martian rovers: Curiosity and Opportunity

Both rovers landed on the red planet, the former in 2006, but the latter reached it only in 2016. Not only did the probes grace the worldwide public with depictions of the highly contrasted deserts and mountains, they also collected samples of red dust and other geological rock features for future analysis. Curiosity – a truck-sized rover – even has its own Instagram page, where it updates people of its travels.

6. Exoplanets

While once, many thought that planets solely existed within our Solar System, as research expanded, the discovery of exoplanets was made possible. Soon, the presence of such planets provided proof that perhaps life may exist outside of the Kuiper Belt. However, the possibility of extraterrestrial life was not exclusive to the far-reaches of space. In fact, within our Solar System, scientists have postulated that perhaps life may already exist in several locations, from Saturn's moon, Titan to Jupiter moon, Io, on Mars, and even on the icy bodies of Neptune and Pluto.

5. China and India's lunar missions

While Israel made headlines this past year with its launch of Beresheet into space in February 2019, other countries have made similar headlines this decade in their attempts to carry out lunar landings. Most notably was India's Chandrayyaan mission, which the Indian teams eventually lost contact with prior to its landing, and China's mission in 2018 to the far side of the moon.

4. Katie Bouman – the first image of a black hole

A young female scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Katie Bouman smashed headlines this year by writing algorithms that helped create the first computer-generated image of a black hole. Earlier last year, as well, researchers at Tel Aviv University were the first to calculate, discover, and spot a supermassive black hole, located hundreds of thousands of light-years away from our small blue planet.

3. All-female spacewalk

NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch conducted the first all-female spacewalk aboard the International Space Station in September 2019. Not only did the duo fix a battery charging unit aboard the station, they spent some six hours floating above our Earth – taking pictures, and even receiving a phone call from US President Donald Trump.

2. NASA Astronaut Jessica Meir

The first female astronaut of Israeli and Mizrahi descent was sent into space this year. Jessica Meir, who recently posted an image of herself wearing Hanukkah-themed socks aboard the International Space Station, made history in September. Meir is a biologist by trade, and pursued numerous research studies the world over. She is the fourth Jewish female astronaut to ever fly in space, and is due to return sometime around April 2020.

1. Beresheet

Israel's first lunar mission blasted off into space this past February in an attempt to make Israel the fourth nation to land upon the lunar surface. Unfortunately, there was a technical malfunction that led to its crash upon the moon, but it still left a large crater in its midst. Either way, the Israeli blue-and-white flag made it to the moon, and that is an accomplishment in and of itself.

Who knows what the 2020s have in store for us humans in this potentially endless universe?

Landing humans on Mars? Clearer images of black holes? The discovery of new habitable planets?

And after that?

Only time will tell.

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Apollo 11 was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida four days prior. Now, the world marks the 50th anniversary of this historic mission.

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The real question is how and why the space race began. Jet Propulsion Laboratory historian Eric Conway suggests that it was part of the Cold War competition between socialist and capitalist ideologies, with the US and the Soviet Union over which was technologically superior.

One example was NASA's role in the development of useful space technologies like weather satellites, which were intended to improve weather forecasting and its data "was available to all mankind," and was intended as an argument in favor of a more open society, indirectly criticizing the USSR.

Part of the difficulty in getting these missions off the ground is the fact that they relied strictly on the crew, although there were earlier robotic missions that helped scientists ensure that the lunar surface was solid enough to sustain a landing.

The scientists also provided limited geological and topographical data of the moon's composition, says Conway.

"Nothing like this had ever been done before," he said, explaining that no one had any expertise on the matter whatsoever, and that "everything had to be invented."

Recent movies such as First Man and Hidden Figures also delve into what working for NASA was like for women, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s.

Many women were hired in the fields of engineering, math, and computers. The first female scientist hired by NASA was Pearl Young in 1922, and the first female jet propulsion chemist was Lois Taylor, who was hired in 1946.

Although women were allowed to work in technical fields as well, during those days even the "exceptionally qualified couldn't reach the highest ranks," Conway says.

Today though, times have changed. Katie Bouman, who now teaches at Caltech, was the first to generate an image of a black hole, by using a computer-generated algorithm that she wrote.

The Trump administration has already announced plans to send more astronauts to the moon in the coming years, Conway said. Vice President Mike Pence has also called for the establishment of a Space League – a special part of the US Air Force devoted to futuristic battles in space.

New NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine has been tasked with speeding up the return to the moon by 2024, said Cheryl Warner, a spokeswoman for NASA.

"We plan to use the moon as a proving ground for missions farther into the Solar System, including Mars … many of the systems we develop [for] the moon, we hope to repeat for Mars."

Conway and others at JPL and NASA hope that today people understand that the lunar mission was only possible due to the extensive investment of time, effort and resources that went into the 1969 mission, as well as its predecessors."

"It seems to me that we forget all that. We desperately want to believe that [reaching] space is easy, and it just isn't," he said.

The Universe is enormous and constantly expanding, but so is human curiosity. Perhaps the final frontier lies outside of what we already know exists.

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Beresheet, named after the first word and the first book in the Torah (meaning "in the beginning"), lifted off from Cape Canaveral on Feb. 22 and almost completed its 6.5 million-kilometer (4 million-mile) journey to the moon. It succeeded in entering the moon's orbit, which is an accomplishment achieved by only seven countries.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration played a supportive role, exemplifying the close relationship between the United States and Israel, by sending a payload called the Lunar Retroreflector Array (LRA).

"The LRA is a small dome-shaped assembly with eight quartz mirrors. The mirrors are intended to be reflectors that other spacecraft can use for orientation and high-precision landings," reported Extreme Tech.

In April 2018, a former U.S. congressman from Oklahoma, Jim Bridenstine, 43, became the 13th administrator of NASA and has been a major supporter of the Israeli space mission.

"While NASA regrets the end of the SpaceIL mission without a successful lunar landing of the Beresheet lander, we congratulate SpaceIL, the Israel Aerospace Industries and the state of Israel on the incredible accomplishment of sending the first privately funded mission into lunar orbit," he said in a statement. "Every attempt to reach new milestones holds opportunities for us to learn, adjust and progress. I have no doubt that Israel and SpaceIL will continue to explore and I look forward to celebrating their future achievements."

Jewish News Syndicate spoke with Bridenstine by phone. The interview has been edited for brevity and clarity.

Q: NASA sent the LRA alongside the Israeli lunar spacecraft. Despite Beresheet crashing, did the LRA remain intact?

A: We're trying to figure that out right now. It's possible we might be able to get some reflection from it, but we don't know as of yet.

Q: Just days after the crash, SpaceIL announced a second attempt to land on the moon. Does NASA plan to be part of that mission?

A: Yes, 100%. We look forward to it.

Q: What would it consist of?

A: We're going through a process right now to determine what type of payload we would like to have on Beresheet 2. At this point, we haven't decided, but we look forward to working with our partners over there at SpaceIL to figure out what are the mass capabilities, what are the volume capabilities, the power capabilities – all of the things that we need to determine so that we can figure out what is the best payload that we can put on board.

Q: For our readers, do you mind describing what a payload is and what it could look like on Beresheet 2.0?

A: We're looking at putting in some scientific instruments on board the vehicle so that we can actually do a number of different experiments. We want to characterize the lunar regolith, which is the soil of the moon. We want to maybe understand if there is water-ice in that regolith. If there is water-ice, how pure is it? How is it mixed with the regolith? And how hard would it be to extract those kinds of things? There are a lot of different scientific instruments that we can put on board to help us better understand the lunar surface, and we are working with SpaceIL to make those determinations.

Q: Aside from the SpaceIL mission, what role does NASA play in the U.S.-Israel relationship? Are there any upcoming joint projects?

A: NASA and Israel have a history. It goes back to Ilan Ramon, who was the first Israeli astronaut who died on the Columbia in 2003. This is a long relationship that has been very good for our nations, and we look forward to continuing it not just with scientific discoveries, but also eventually human exploration. We would be very interested in seeing how Israel might be willing and able to participate in our return to the moon, which, of course, we want to see as an international effort. Israel has amazing capabilities we think could be helpful to our efforts there.

Q: What would a return to the moon look like in terms of cooperation between America and Israel?

A: It's really up to Israel to help identify where they would like to participate. But I don't want to get too far ahead of where that process is.

Q: Besides the responsibilities entailed in each job, what has been the difference between being a congressman and now as NASA administrator in terms of this relationship? Is there something about the alliance you've discovered as the head of NASA that you didn't know while in Congress?

A: I don't think so. Our partnership with Israel has been long and steadfast. And it seems to be the case here at NASA as well. I know that this administration has been a very strong supporter of Israel, and they've been very supportive of our efforts to collaborate with Israel on space exploration, so it's been a good and productive relationship.

Q: What are the biggest challenges going forward for space exploration as it pertains to the U.S.-Israel relationship? Is it beating out adversaries like China or Iran?

A: From a space exploration perspective, what NASA does, we partner with nations around the world to achieve stunning outcomes. NASA is really not involved in the geopolitical challenges that exist around the world. In fact, we have a partnership with Russia that goes back to 1975, the Apollo Soyuz program. That was, of course, during the Cold War, and we've been partnering with Russia since 1975 and even today on the International Space Station. So, terrestrial relationships and those kind of very challenging dynamics, we work really hard to not have those challenges spill over into space exploration.

That's really what's unique about NASA. We have an ability to partner with all nations, and we continue to do that.

Q: One of the most noteworthy aspects of the Beresheet initiative was the cost. Does that prove that the United States or any other country could go to space without spending excessive taxpayer funds?

A: The cost was really amazing. We're talking about $95 million to deliver a payload to the moon, as it was really, really close to achieving its objectives. We expect Beresheet 2 will be successful, and that it will be even less expensive than 'Beresheet.'

There's another dynamic here. It's not just that it was inexpensive; it's that it was commercial. I think the nation of Israel put something like $10 million into it, and the rest was privately funded. That's another amazing accomplishment. We can get to the moon with private, with commercial investment. I think that's one of the lessons of 'Beresheet.'

My first trip as the NASA administrator was, in fact, to Israel. I had the opportunity to share this amazing effort of SpaceIL with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. It was a great meeting. I enjoyed it very much, and I'll tell you he was as excited as anybody when it comes to Israel's space exploration initiative.

Q: Do you mind elaborating on that trip and that meeting?

A: It was a very positive and productive trip. We met with the heads of the Israel Space Agency. We met with the leadership of SpaceIL and, of course, we met with political leadership. For a small, young country, they have a lot of amazing capabilities, and certainly, they have a lot of value that they can add to the human effort to expand into the solar system. So I look forward to working with them in a lot of ways in the future.

Q: Earlier, you mentioned the Ilan Ramon. Is there any possibility we could see an Israeli astronaut on the next U.S. mission to the moon?

A: The vice president has said that the next man and the first woman on the moon will be Americans. But certainly, beyond that, we would love to have Israel partner with us in a way to maybe one day have an Israeli astronaut on the surface of the moon.

This article is reprinted with permission from JNS.org.

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