The agency reported on Thursday that, according to Israeli intelligence, Iran failed to relocate enriched uranium from its Fordo Natanz, and Isfahan nuclear facilities prior to the coordinated strikes by Israel and the United States during Operation Rising Lion in June.

The assessment highlights that while the uranium at Isfahan remains potentially accessible, Iran faces significant obstacles in retrieving it under current conditions.

On Tuesday, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth at the Pentagon to address concerns regarding Iran. The Prime Minister's Office stated, "During the visit, Prime Minister Netanyahu held a professional meeting with Secretary Hegseth and his team, addressing key security issues – including countering the Iranian threat, regional security cooperation, and strengthening the strategic ties between Israel and the United States."

The US Department of Defense said, "Secretary Hegseth expressed appreciation for the brave US soldiers who carried out the operation in Iran, which ended the 12-day war and fulfilled President Trump's vision of peace through strength." Secretary Hegseth reaffirmed the United States' commitment under President Trump to back Israel and block Iran's path to nuclear weapons.

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 The US is pressing European allies Britain and France to abandon plans for Iran to be censured at the upcoming International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors meeting in June for its lack of cooperation and prohibited nuclear activities, according to the Wall Street Journal, apparently to avoid disruption with Iran before the US elections this November. 

These divisions come as a new IAEA report revealed Iran's stockpile of highly enriched uranium has reached unprecedented levels. The UN nuclear watchdog stated on Monday that Iran's stockpile of 60% enriched uranium rose over 20 kg (45 pounds) in the last three months to 142 kg (313 pounds) – its highest level yet. US officials say that material could be converted into weapons-grade enriched uranium within days.

The rift exposes differences in approach that have emerged since the Trump administration withdrew from the 2015 Iran nuclear deal in 2018. Europeans were strong supporters of the accord, which lifted sanctions in exchange for temporary nuclear constraints on Tehran. They sought to preserve the deal even after the US exit, while the Biden administration made reviving the agreement a top priority upon taking office in 2021.

But those diplomatic efforts collapsed in August 2022 when Iran hardened its demands as negotiations faltered. Since then, US officials have sought to contain escalating tensions with Tehran. European diplomats now accuse Washington of lacking a coherent strategy and appear unwilling to either seriously engage Iran in new diplomacy or take punitive steps over its growing nuclear program.  

The divisions have raised alarms in European capitals that the window is closing to rein in Iran's atomic work through non-military means. There are increasing Western fears that Iran, already considered a nuclear threshold state, may be positioning itself to acquire weapons capability. While Tehran insists its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes, it has significantly reduced IAEA oversight and stonewalled investigations into previous undeclared nuclear materials and activities.

European diplomats argue that failure to censure Iran at the IAEA would undermine the agency's authority as the nuclear watchdog and erode Western credibility in confronting potential proliferation risks. They contend it is time to take a firm stand against Tehran's continued defiance of non-proliferation obligations.

But the US fears an IAEA censure could prompt Iranian retaliation and further limit inspectors' access, as occurred after a 2022 rebuke. With Russia and China likely to veto any push for new UN sanctions, a failed censure vote could deal a major diplomatic blow that emboldens Iran's nuclear intransigence.

#BREAKING Multiple EU countries including Germany are pushing to classify the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a terrorist organization on the basis of a German court ruling, diplomats tell dpa.

— dpa news agency (@dpa_intl) May 27, 2024

The Biden administration argues that European powers could do more to economically pressure Iran, like cutting off its banks still operating in Europe and designating the Revolutionary Guards as a terrorist organization. The German dpa News Agency reported on Monday that Germany and other European nations are advocating for the EU to designate Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as a terrorist organization, as per a recent German court ruling. However, diplomats noted that "such a terror listing would be primarily a symbolic step because there are already EU sanctions" against the IRGC. For now, US officials recently held rare indirect talks with Iranian counterparts in Oman in a bid to reduce regional tensions.

Ultimately, experts suggest any censure of Iran's nuclear activities should be part of a broader negotiating strategy of both disincentives and incentives to alter Tehran's behavior. "The board needs to send a message that there are consequences for stonewalling," said Kelsey Davenport of the Arms Control Association. "But it needs to be part of a broader strategy to pressure and incentivize Iran to cooperate with the IAEA."

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Near a peak of the Zagros Mountains in central Iran, workers are building a nuclear facility so deep in the earth that it is likely beyond the range of a last-ditch US weapon designed to destroy such sites, according to experts and satellite imagery analyzed by The Associated Press.

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The photos and videos from Planet Labs PBC show Iran has been digging tunnels in the mountain near the Natanz nuclear site, which has come under repeated sabotage attacks amid Tehran's standoff with the West over its atomic program. With Iran now producing uranium close to weapons-grade levels after the collapse of its nuclear deal with world powers, the installation complicates the West's efforts to halt Tehran from potentially developing an atomic bomb as diplomacy over its nuclear program remains stalled.

Completion of such a facility "would be a nightmare scenario that risks igniting a new escalatory spiral," warned Kelsey Davenport, the director of nonproliferation policy at the Washington-based Arms Control Association. "Given how close Iran is to a bomb, it has very little room to ratchet up its program without tripping US and Israeli red lines. So at this point, any further escalation increases the risk of conflict."

The construction at the Natanz site comes five years after then-President Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew America from the nuclear accord. Trump argued the deal did not address Tehran's ballistic missile program, nor its support of militias across the wider Middle East. But what it did do was strictly limit Iran's enrichment of uranium to 3.67% purity, powerful enough only to power civilian power stations, and keep its stockpile to just some 300 kilograms (660 pounds).

Since the demise of the nuclear accord, Iran has said it is enriching uranium up to 60%, though inspectors recently discovered the country had produced uranium particles that were 83.7% pure. That is just a short step from reaching the 90% threshold of weapons-grade uranium. As of February, international inspectors estimated Iran's stockpile was over 10 times what it was under the Obama-era deal, with enough enriched uranium to allow Tehran to make "several" nuclear bombs, according to the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

President Joe Biden and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu have said they won't allow Iran to build a nuclear weapon. "We believe diplomacy is the best way to achieve that goal, but the president has also been clear that we have not removed any option from the table," the White House said in a statement to the AP.

The Islamic Republic denies it is seeking nuclear weapons, though officials in Tehran now openly discuss their ability to pursue one.

Iran's mission to the United Nations, in response to questions from the AP regarding the construction, said that "Iran's peaceful nuclear activities are transparent and under the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards." However, Iran has been limiting access for international inspectors for years.

Iran says the new construction will replace an above-ground centrifuge manufacturing center at Natanz struck by an explosion and fire in July 2020. Tehran blamed the incident on Israel, long suspected of running sabotage campaigns against its program. Tehran has not acknowledged any other plans for the facility, though it would have to declare the site to the IAEA if they planned to introduce uranium into it. The Vienna-based IAEA did not respond to questions about the new underground facility.

The new project is being constructed next to Natanz, about 225 kilometers (140 miles) south of Tehran. Natanz has been a point of international concern since its existence became known two decades ago. Protected by anti-aircraft batteries, fencing and Iran's paramilitary Revolutionary Guards, the facility sprawls across 2.7 square kilometers (1 square mile) in the country's arid Central Plateau.

Satellite photos taken in April by Planet Labs PBC and analyzed by the AP show Iran burrowing into the Kūh-e Kolang Gaz Lā, or "Pickaxe Mountain," which is just beyond Natanz's southern fencing. A different set of images analyzed by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies reveals that four entrances have been dug into the mountainside, two to the east and another two to the west. Each is 6 meters (20 feet) wide and 8 meters (26 feet) tall.

The scale of the work can be measured in large dirt mounds, two to the west and one to the east. Based on the size of the spoil piles and other satellite data, experts at the center told AP that Iran is likely building a facility at a depth of between 80 meters (260 feet) and 100 meters (328 feet). The center's analysis, which it provided exclusively to AP, is the first to estimate the tunnel system's depth based on satellite imagery.

The Institute for Science and International Security, a Washington-based nonprofit long focused on Iran's nuclear program, suggested last year the tunnels could go even deeper.

Experts say the size of the construction project indicates Iran likely would be able to use the underground facility to enrich uranium as well – not just to build centrifuges. Those tube-shaped centrifuges, arranged in large cascades of dozens of machines, rapidly spin uranium gas to enrich it. Additional cascades spinning would allow Iran to quickly enrich uranium under the mountain's protection.

"So the depth of the facility is a concern because it would be much harder for us. It would be much harder to destroy using conventional weapons, such as like a typical bunker buster bomb," said Steven De La Fuente, a research associate at the center who led the analysis of the tunnel work.

The new Natanz facility is likely to be even deeper underground than Iran's Fordo facility, another enrichment site that was exposed in 2009 by US and other world leaders. That facility sparked fears in the West that Iran was hardening its program from airstrikes. Such underground facilities led the US to create the GBU-57 bomb, which can plow through at least 60 meters (200 feet) of earth before detonating, according to the American military. US officials reportedly have discussed using two such bombs in succession to ensure a site is destroyed. It is not clear that such a one-two punch would damage a facility as deep as the one at Natanz.

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With such bombs potentially off the table, the US and its allies are left with fewer options to target the site. If diplomacy fails, sabotage attacks may resume. Already, Natanz has been targeted by the Stuxnet virus, believed to be an Israeli and American creation, which destroyed Iranian centrifuges. Israel also is believed to have killed scientists involved in the program, struck facilities with bomb-carrying drones and launched other attacks. Israel's government declined to comment.

Experts say such disruptive actions may push Tehran even closer to the bomb – and put its program even deeper into the mountain where airstrikes, further sabotage and spies may not be able to reach it.

"Sabotage may roll back Iran's nuclear program in the short-term, but it is not a viable, long-term strategy for guarding against a nuclear-armed Iran," said Davenport, the nonproliferation expert. "Driving Iran's nuclear program further underground increases the proliferation risk."

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Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said Thursday that Iran could have enough enriched uranium for five nuclear weapons, and warned Tehran that proceeding to weapons-grade enrichment could "ignite the region."

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His remarks echoed international concerns, which have mounted over the past months, on Tehran enriching uranium closer than ever to weapons-grade levels. Experts have said that the Islamic Republic has enough fuel to build "several" atomic bombs if it chooses.

"Make no mistake, Iran will not be satisfied by a single nuclear bomb," Gallant said during a visit to Athens.

Uranium enriched for use in nuclear power plants is normally below 20%, while 90% enrichment is considered to be weapons grade.

"So far, Iran has gained material enriched to 20% and 60% for five nuclear weapons," Gallant said. "Iranian progress, enrichment to 90%, would be a grave mistake on Iran's part and could ignite the region."

Israel's leadership argues that Iran can only be stopped from developing nuclear weapons by the threat of military action, while the United States publicly favors a return to multilateral diplomatic efforts.

The International Atomic Energy Agency said in March it would restart inspections and camera-monitoring at some Iranian nuclear facilities after it reported that particles of highly enriched uranium were found at an underground nuclear site.

In Athens, Gallant was hosted by Greek Defense Minister Nikos Panagiotopoulos. The two promised to further enhance military cooperation.

Greece last year launched a new international pilot training center, assisted by Israel and Israeli defense contractor Elbit in a $1.65 billion deal. And last month, Israel agreed to provide Greece with Spike anti-tank missiles in an agreement worth $400 million.

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A day after the negotiations to renew the Iranian nuclear deal restarted in Vienna, Public Security Minister Omer Barlev told Radio 103 on Tuesday that "It's obvious the military option is on the table."

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In a separate interview to Army Radio, Alon Bar, Deputy Director General for Strategic Affairs at the Foreign Ministry, discussed the distance between Israel and the US's stances when it came to the Iran issue, saying, "There are in-depth talks with the Americans, and there is distance between us. I don't think that it's right to stress this distance, especially since the US is an especially important country for us. The right thing for us to do is talk with them directly."

Bar added, "Our influence on the world's powerful nations doesn't start the day the talks do, but with the contact we have had thus far. This influence is, of course, limited, but it exists. There is no choice other than to walk back the Iranian nuclear program. It would be wrong for us to despair and give up on the attempt to prevent Iran from securing enough enriched material [uranium] for a nuclear bomb, because that is definitely part of the military plan."

IDF Spokesperson Brig. Gen. Ran Kochav also touched on the relaunched Iranian talks. In an interview to Kan 11 News, Kochav said, "I'm not going to get into diplomatic matters. As I've said in the past, we are prepared for all eventualities and we have stepped up preparedness on the matter. The military and operational questions are our top priority, both in terms of preventing Iran from entrenching itself to the north and preventing it from becoming a [nuclear] threshold state."

After the first round of renewed talks on Monday, it appeared that any progress on the issue of Iran's nuclear program was far off and the two sides seemed to be at an impasse. Work teams are expected to continue meeting this week to discuss technical points, but not the core issues of the dispute.

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