Holocaust survivors wearing striped scarves that recalled their uniforms as prisoners of Nazi Germany placed candles on the train tracks that carried people to their deaths at Auschwitz on Saturday, exactly 73 years after the Soviet army liberated the death camp in occupied Poland.
On the date now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day, political leaders and Jewish officials warned that the Nazi genocide must always be a reminder of the evil of which humans are capable.
Before the main ceremony, the Polish government held a short news briefing to reiterate the significance and value of the Auschwitz Museum.
"Any memory needs these tangible elements that you can touch," said Magdalena Gawin, an undersecretary in the Polish Culture and National Heritage Ministry.
Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki said Auschwitz survivors are a reminder that history should not be forgotten nor be denied. He called for a fight for truth and justice to bring hope to the world.
U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, meanwhile, attended a solemn ceremony at a memorial in Poland to the Jews who died fighting the German forces in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.
Tillerson trailed two uniformed Polish military officers and readjusted a wreath underneath the monument, a dark, hulking structure located in what was once the Warsaw Ghetto.
The head of Warsaw's Jewish community read a prayer, and Tillerson made brief remarks about the importance of not forgetting the horrors of the Holocaust.
"On this occasion, it reminds us that we can never, we can never, be indifferent to the face of evil," Tillerson said.
"The Western alliance which emerged from World War II has committed itself to ensuring the security of all that this would never happen again," he said. "As we mark this day in solemn remembrance, let us repeat the words of our own commitment: Never again. Never again."
His words came amid signs in Europe and beyond that ultranationalism and extreme right-wing groups are on the rise.
In Germany and Austria, the nations that perpetrated the killing of 6 million Jews and millions of others during World War II, far-right parties with their roots in the Nazi era are gaining strength.
The anti-migrant, anti-Muslim Alternative for Germany party won seats in the German parliament for the first time last year, while the nationalist, anti-migrant Freedom Party is part of the coalition running the Austrian government.
Both parties have members who have made anti-Semitic remarks.
Ultranationalists who espouse anti-Jewish and anti-Muslim views seem emboldened elsewhere as well.
"Neo-Nazis and white supremacy groups are among the main purveyors of extreme hatred," U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres said in a statement. "And too often, vile views are moving from the margins to the mainstream of societies and politics. We must stand together against the normalization of hate."
In Europe, the outspoken white nationalism is seen partially as the backlash to a large influx of mostly Muslim migrants.
Some of those migrants have brought their own brand of anti-Semitism with them.
In Germany, many Jews have reported feeling threatened by anti-Semitism – both from native far-right groups and from newcomers from Arab and Muslim countries. Jewish institutions across the country have increased security.
Meanwhile, Muslim immigrants have been targets of German far-right attacks or threats.
Hanni Levy, a 93-year-old Holocaust survivor from Berlin, criticized anti-migrant hatred during a speech Saturday at a Greens party convention in Hannover.
"In the past, the Jews were found guilty of everything. Today it's the refugees," Levy said. "One should never forget how difficult it is to leave behind everything just to survive."
German Chancellor Angela Merkel marked the day in her weekly podcast by addressing the re-emergence of anti-Semitism.
She called it "incomprehensible and a disgrace that no Jewish institution can exist without police security – whether it is a school, a kindergarten or a synagogue."
This year, the official commemorations at Auschwitz took place after the Jewish Sabbath ended at sundown.
The United Nations recognized January 27 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day in 2005.
