Shaban Khalaf's advice to any other Gazans thinking of heading to Europe in search of a better life, as he did, is blunt: don't bother – it's not worth the danger and the expense.
Khalaf should know. Despairing of ever finding a decent job in Gaza, where the economy is near collapse, the journalism graduate flew to Turkey via Egypt in June 2018 and tried no fewer than 18 times to cross into Europe, mostly by boat.
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"One time a naval boat hit ours, our boat flipped and we almost died," said Khalaf, 25, adding that each time Turkish or Greek authorities would send them back to Turkey's shores.
By February this year, he had given up and returned home to Gaza, much poorer for his ordeal after having paid off the people smugglers who had tried in vain to get him to Europe.
"I don't advise people to leave unless a job is waiting for them there. It is better to stay and die with their families in Gaza than to throw themselves into the unknown, or die in the sea," he said.
Thousands of other Palestinians have had similar experiences as they try to escape the rampant unemployment, poverty, and violence of life in Gaza, a tiny enclave between Israel and Egypt run by the Islamist Hamas group.
An unknown number of Gazans have died trying to make the perilous crossing to Europe, leaving families back home unsure about their eventual fate. Some are buried in Turkey or Greece or were returned home in coffins.
Human rights activists in Gaza believe around 30,000 of Gaza's population of 2 million have tried to leave the 145 sq. mile (375 sq. km) territory in the past decade, with a surge in numbers after a 50-day war in 2014 between Israel and Hamas.
Hamas seized Gaza during fighting in 2007.
"Because of the division, there is no work for youth. Most of those who left Gaza were graduates," Khalaf told Reuters at a language center in Gaza where he is studying Turkish.
Khalaf said his journey from Gaza cost $3,000, including fees to enter Egypt, a ticket to Turkey and payment to smugglers who tried to take him to Greece while hiding from drones and security patrols.
Greece is a common first stop for Palestinians and others hoping to apply for asylum in the European Union, but EU countries and Turkey have significantly tightened border controls to deter migrants.
But many young Palestinians are unlikely to heed Khalaf's advice to stay put.
"There is no work, there is no future [here]," said Sameh Sdodi, 27, who had to skip university to sell snacks and hot drinks near the beach.
Karim Abu Sidu, 17, said he was ready to attempt the journey in search of work even though his 22-year-old brother, Hussam Abu Sidu, died in January when his boat sank off Greece. His body is buried in Greece.
"The situation here is very bad," he said. "Even if I finished university, it would be in vain. Those who did are now selling tea, coffee, and cigarettes in markets."
