A letter written nearly 500 years ago by Martin Luther, in which he refers to Jews as "devils incarnate" in a tirade against a former ally, is up for auction. Luther scholars argue that the man responsible for the Reformation should not be called anti-Semitic.
The single-page double-sided letter is expected to sell for at least $300,000 at an auction being conducted by Boston-based RR Auction that concludes Wednesday.
"Martin Luther items don't come to auction often, and this is in incredibly great shape for a 500-year-old letter," said Robert Livingston, RR's executive vice president.
The letter was written around September 1543 to a top official at Berlin's St. Nicholas Church in response to a letter from the official requesting Luther's interpretation of some biblical verses by which former Luther friend Johann Agricola justified his positive treatment of Jews in what is now Germany.
In his reply, Luther tells Georg Buchholzer that he has done well to preach against the Jews and should continue to do so, ignoring Agricola, who Luther accused of being a habitual liar.
"For these Jews are not Jews, but devils incarnate who curse our Lord," Luther wrote, according to RR Auction's translation.
Luther, whose Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 triggered the Protestant Reformation and the seismic rift in Christianity that still exists, sympathized with Jews early on because of the poor way they were treated by the Catholic Church, said Eric Metaxas, author of the 2017 book "Martin Luther."
Metaxas cautioned against comparing 16th-century anti-Semitism with 21st-century anti-Semitism, saying Luther became frustrated that Jews would not convert to his version of Christianity.
"We don't mean what Luther would have meant by it," he said.
"Later in his life, after he had in a sense represented the Christian faith the way he thought it should be presented, he was depressed and discouraged by the fact that many Jews of that era did not, in fact, accept this free gift of grace through Jesus," Metaxas said.
Europe had a long history of mistreating Jews, said Christopher Boyd Brown, an associate professor of church history at Boston University.
"Luther plays a part in this grim history," Brown said via email. "Yet as appalling as Luther's intolerance of his Jewish contemporaries was, Luther was not an anti-Semite. His criticism of Judaism was rooted in theological disagreement over the reading of shared scriptures, not in racial animus."
Luther denounced medieval Christian charges that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus and was a strong voice for nonviolent religious tolerance, Brown said.
The letter, which includes a leather clamshell case, is likely to be sold to a museum or private collector who will know how to properly preserve it, Livingston said.
Lost to history until 1914, when it was discovered in the private collection of a German baron, it is being sold by a German document collector.
