When Hilde Schramm inherited several paintings collected by her father, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's chief architect and Armaments Minister Albert Speer, she was only sure of one thing: She didn't want them.
Despite determining they probably hadn't been looted from Jews during World War II, she wanted their legacy to somehow benefit others. So she huddled with friends around a rickety green table at her home office in Berlin and came up with a plan to sell them and use the proceeds to support Jewish women's creative projects in Germany.
In 1994, that became the Zurueckgeben foundation, a project for which Schramm received an Obermayer German Jewish History Award on Monday. The honor was established by an American Jewish philanthropist to recognize the efforts of non-Jewish Germans to keep alive their nation's Jewish cultural past.
The foundation's name translates as "return" or "give back" but can also mean "restitution." Schramm said the name was intentionally chosen to emphasize its goal of raising awareness at a time when looted Jewish property and art was a little talked-about issue.
"It was very much our point with this word 'Zurueckgeben,' which in a way is a provocation, because in a way nobody really can give back, to raise consciousness about the injury that had been done very broadly in Germany," she told The Associated Press.
Today, there's a wider understanding that the Nazis plundered precious artworks and other property from Europe's Jews, partially because of recent stepped-up German government efforts to identify heirs and organize restitution, and the popular 2014 Hollywood film "The Monuments Men."
But most of the focus has been on the big-ticket items like precious paintings and sculptures. Schramm's foundation encourages Germans to take stock of the more mundane items in their households and question where they came from.
In part, it's to fight the cliché perpetrated by the Nazis that all Jews were rich and powerful and also to dispel the notion that only the Nazi elite profited at the expense of the Jews.
"Let it come close to your families, and look at what other ways the German population did profit. When Jews were expelled from their jobs, of course non-Jewish Germans could take their job," Schramm said. "It's not only the question of real objects being robbed but their whole existence ... this is to raise awareness that it did reach almost every family, a kind of involvement or profiting."
Because it's almost impossible to determine the original owners of smaller items like cutlery and furniture, donors to the foundation often give a symbolic amount to Zurueckgeben, or sell the items and give the proceeds.
Since it began, hundreds of Germans have donated and the foundation has been able to pay out some 500,000 euros ($570,000) in grants to support more than 130 Jewish women's projects. Those include a children's theater, exhibitions, dance shows, books and films.
The 82-year-old Schramm, a former Greens party lawmaker as well as an educator and author, has been involved in several other projects related to Nazi-era commemoration and atonement. She was previously honored by the German government with the Moses Mendelssohn Prize, named after the Jewish philosopher and awarded to people who foster tolerance.
She has also helped organize a nonprofit association to support projects in Greece after the Greek financial crisis and has hosted seven refugees from Afghanistan and Syria in her own home following German Chancellor Angela Merkel's decision to open the country's borders to more than 1 million migrants in 2015-16.
"Wherever I went, whatever I did, I saw something which was a blind spot and I took it up," she said.
Schramm was only 9 years old when the war ended. Even though she was there at times with her father as he rubbed elbows with Hitler and other top Nazi officials, she said she was not aware of the persecution of the Jews.
"I had no idea," she said, pausing contemplatively before adding, "but perhaps I didn't want to have an idea. I don't know."
Unlike many other top Nazis, who committed suicide or were executed after the war, Albert Speer served 20 years in a Berlin prison for war crimes after being convicted in the Nuremberg trials. At his trial, Speer, who died in 1981 in London, accepted moral responsibility but insisted he had not known of the Holocaust – a contention that many have questioned.
Schramm was able to talk with him and confront him with her questions, which was an opportunity she said a lot of the donors to her foundation never had with their families.
"In a way, I always felt in a good situation, as I knew what my father had been and what he had done very soon," she said. "Many men and women of my generation, they had no answer [for] what their family had done."
Schramm's award was one of six presented by the organization established by philanthropist Arthur Obermayer in 2000. Obermayer was inspired by the help Germans gave him in researching his German roots. He died in 2016.
