Two Polish historians are facing a libel trial for a scholarly examination of Polish behavior during World War II, a case whose outcome is expected to determine the fate of independent Holocaust research under Poland's nationalist government.
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A verdict is expected in Warsaw's district court on Feb. 9 in the case against Barbara Engelking, a historian with the Polish Center for Holocaust Research in Warsaw, and Jan Grabowski, a professor of history at the University of Ottawa.
It is the first closely watched Holocaust speech case since Poland sought to pass a law in 2018 that would have criminalized the act of blaming Poland for Germany's Holocaust crimes. Those criminal penalties were dropped in favor of civil penalties after the legislation sparked a major diplomatic dispute with Israel.
The current case is instead a civil libel case tried under a pre-existing law, yet many scholars believe it will set an important precedent for freedom of Holocaust research.
Since it won power in 2015, Poland's conservative ruling party, Law and Justice, has sought to discourage investigations into Polish wrongdoing during the wartime German occupation, preferring instead to almost exclusively stress Polish heroism and suffering. The aim is to promote national pride, but critics say the government has been whitewashing the fact that some Poles also collaborated in the murder of Jews.
The Yad Vashem Holocaust museum said the legal effort "constitutes a serious attack on free and open research."
A number of other historical institutions have condemned the case as the verdict nears, with the Paris-based Foundation for the Memory of the Shoah describing it Tuesday as a "witch hunt" and a "pernicious invasion into the very heart of research."
The case centers on a 1,600-page, two-volume historical work in Polish, "Night Without End: The Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland," which was co-edited by Grabowski and Engelking. An abridged English version is due to be published in a few months.
Grabowski and Engelking say they see the case as an attempt to discredit them personally and to discourage other researchers from investigating the truth about the extermination of Jews in Poland.
"This is a case of the Polish state against freedom of research," Grabowski told The Associated Press on Monday.
Grabowski, a Polish-Canadian whose father was a Polish Holocaust survivor, has faced considerable anti-Semitic harassment by nationalists, both online and at lectures in Canada, France and elsewhere.
Polish officials, including the country's ambassador to Israel, Marek Magierowski, argue that it is only a civil case and that it represents no threat to freedom of speech. Magierowski, in a letter to the representative of Holocaust survivors in Israel, expressed his concern about the anti-Semitic slurs that have erupted in connection to the case.
The niece of a man in the village of Malinowo, whose wartime behavior is briefly mentioned, is suing Grabowski and Engelking, demanding 100,000 zlotys ($27,000) in damages and an apology in newspapers.
According to evidence presented in the book, Edward Malinowski, an elder in the village, allowed a Jewish woman to survive by helping her pass as a non-Jew. But the survivor's testimony is also quoted as saying that he was an accomplice in the deaths of several dozen Jews. Malinowski was acquitted of collaborating with the Germans in a postwar trial.
The niece, Filomena Leszczynska, 81, has been backed by the Polish League Against Defamation, a group which is close to the Polish government and has received grants in the past.
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That organization argued that the two scholars are guilty of "defiling the good name" of a Polish hero, whom they claim had no role in harming Jews, and by extension harming the dignity and pride of all Poles.
Mark Weitzman, director of government affairs for the Simon Wiesenthal Center, called "Night Without End" a "meticulously researched and sourced book ... that details thousands of cases of complicity by Poles in the murder of Jews during the Holocaust."
"The proceedings against these two scholars of international repute are nothing more than an attempt to use the legal system to muzzle and intimidate scholarship on the Holocaust in Poland," Weitzman said.
Germany occupied Poland in 1939, annexing part of it to Germany and directly governing the rest, killing millions. Unlike other countries occupied by Germany, there was no collaborationist government in Poland. The pre-war Polish government and military fled into exile, except for an underground resistance army that fought the Nazis inside the country.
Yet some people in Poland collaborated with the Germans in hunting down and killing Jews, in many cases people who had fled ghettos and sought to hide in the countryside.
Grabowski said "Night Without End" is "multi-faceted, and it talks about Polish virtue just as much. It paints a truthful picture."
"The Holocaust is not here to help the Polish ego and morale, it's a drama involving the death of 6 million people, which seems to be forgotten by the nationalists," he said.
A deputy foreign minister, Pawel Jablonski, described the case as a private matter.
"It is everyone's legal right to seek such a remedy before [a] court if they feel that their rights have been infringed by [another] person or entity," Jablonski told the AP in an statement Monday. "The government is not involved in the proceedings, it is a private matter to be decided by the court."
Yet those who fear that the case could stifle independent research take a different view.
"The involvement in this trial of an organization heavily subsidized with public funds can be easily construed as a form of censorship and an attempt to frighten scholars away from publishing the results of their research out of fear of a lawsuit and the ensuing costly litigation," said Zygmunt Stepinski, director of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw.
Maciej Swirski, the head of the organization, said no public money was used to fund the legal case.
