With new cases hitting about 100,000 daily, Europe has by a wide margin overtaken the United States, where more than 51,000 COVID-19 infections are reported on average every day.
France imposed curfews while other European nations are closing schools, canceling surgeries and enlisting student medics as overwhelmed authorities face the nightmare scenario of a COVID-19 resurgence at the onset of winter.
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Most European governments eased lockdowns over the summer to start reviving economies already battered by the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic.
But the return of normal activity, from packed restaurants to new university terms, fueled a sharp spike in cases all over the continent.