In the coming years, Israelis will be able to commute into Jerusalem and Tel Aviv from settlements deep inside Judea and Samaria via highways, tunnels and overpasses that cut a wide berth around Palestinian towns.
Rights groups say the new roads will set the stage for massive settlement growth, even if the incoming US administration somehow convinces Israel to curb housing construction. The costly infrastructure projects signal that Israel intends to keep large swaths of the territory in any peace deal and would make it even harder to establish a viable Palestinian state.
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"This is not another hundred housing units there or here," said Yehuda Shaul, an Israeli activist who has spent months researching and mapping out the new projects. "This is de facto annexation on steroids."
Construction already is underway on a huge tunnel that Shaul says will one day allow settlers from Maale Adumim, a sprawling suburb east of Jerusalem, to drive into the city and onward to Tel Aviv without passing through a military checkpoint or even hitting a traffic light.
South of Jerusalem, work is underway to expand the main highway leading to the Gush Etzion settlement bloc and settlements farther south, with tunnels and overpasses designed to bypass Palestinian villages and refugee camps.
Palestinians will be allowed to drive on many of the new roads, but the infrastructure will be of limited use to them because they need permits to enter Israel or annexed east Jerusalem.
The new roads promise to transform settlements into affordable suburban communities with safe, easy access to cities and public transportation. Shaul estimates the new infrastructure could facilitate plans for more than 50,000 settler housing units in the West Bank and another 6,000 in east Jerusalem.
"People don't bring roads, roads bring people," he said.
Shaul, co-founder of Breaking the Silence, a group of former Israeli soldiers who document alleged human rights violations by the IDF in the West Bank. In recent months, he has turned his attention to Israeli planning.
His findings are based on minutes from several meetings held in recent years by parliamentary subcommittees charged with improving West Bank infrastructure. He also cites a strategic plan presented by Transportation Minister Miri Regev, a hard-line supporter of settlements, to a group of settlement mayors last month.
In a statement after the meeting, Regev called it "an exciting day for the settlements and for the state of Israel, which builds and is building in all areas of the homeland." She said it provided a "holistic vision" for "a future development plan for the region."
Oded Revivi, the mayor of the Efrat, in Samaria, who attended the meeting, said the draft plan was "very thorough," and that the ministry was open to suggestions, "taking into account the needs of both populations, both the Jews and the Arabs."
He said US President Donald Trump's peace plan, which would allow Israel to extend sovereignty to parts of Judea and Samaria, had proven that the settlements are not an obstacle to peace.
That plan was immediately rejected by the Palestinians and is likely to be scrapped by President-elect Joe Biden, who opposes annexation.
Alon Cohen Lifshitz, an expert at Bimkom, an Israeli rights group that focuses on urban planning, said the main aim of the road projects is to create a "matrix of control" that ensures the free movement of Israelis while further fragmenting the areas governed by the Palestinian Authority.
"Most of the settlers are not [ideological]. They are looking for options to live the dream in affordable housing," he said. "This is the main obstacle for the expansion of settlements."
Many Palestinians view the roads as another kind of barrier erected to separate communities from one another and farmers from their land. They say much of the construction is on land expropriated from farmers, who have little hope of recourse in Israeli courts.
"This is a military occupation, so when they take a decision, they impose it by force, without any coordination with the other side, with the owners of the land," said Mohammed Sabateen, head of the local council in Husan, a Palestinian village south of Jerusalem sandwiched between a growing settlement and one of the new road projects.
"These roads are primarily designed for Israelis and settlers, not Palestinians," he said. The military can also cut off Palestinian access at any time by closing yellow gates at the main access points.
Biden has vowed to work with Israel and the Palestinians to restart peace talks, without offering much detail. It's possible he will adopt a similar approach to the Obama administration, which pressed Israel to freeze or curb settlement growth as part of peace efforts that went nowhere.
But even if Biden succeeds in convincing Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to temporarily curb settlement growth, the road infrastructure would ensure plenty of demand once the pause ended.
"The second the freeze is over, this infrastructure will be there to facilitate even greater growth," said Shaul, who believes that stopping the road projects is key to preserving hope for a two-state solution. "This would be the foundation for the development of settlements for the next 20 years."
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